Operating Systems :There are Many Operating Systems those have be Developed for Performing the Operations those are requested by the user.
1) Serial Processing: The Serial Processing Operating Systems are those which Performs all the instructions into aSequence Manner or the Instructions those are given by the user will beexecuted by using the FIFO Mannermeans First in First Out. All the Instructions those are Entered First in the System will be Executed First and the Instructions those are Entered Later Will be Executed Later. For Running the Instructions the Program Counter is used which is used for Executing all the Instructions.
2) Batch Processing: The Batch Processing is same as the Serial Processing Technique. But in the Batch Processing Similar Types of jobs are Firstly Prepared and they are Stored on the Card. and that card will be Submit to the System for the Processing. The System then Perform all the Operations on the Instructions one by one. And a user can’t be Able to specify any input. And Operating System wills increments his Program Counter for Executing the Next Instruction.
3) Multi-Programming: As we know that in the Batch Processing System there are multiple jobs Execute by the System. The System first prepare a batch and after that he will Execute all the jobs those are Stored into the Batch. But the Main Problem is that if a process or job requires an Input and Output Operation, then it is not possible and second there will be the wastage of the Time when we are preparing the batch and the CPU will remain idle at that Time.
The Multi-programming Operating Systems never use any cards because the Process is entered on the Spot by the user. But the Operating System also uses the Process of Allocation and De-allocation of the Memory Means he will provide the Memory Space to all the Running and all the Waiting Processes. There must be the Proper Management of all the Running Jobs.
4) Real Time System: There is also an Operating System which is known as Real Time Processing System. In this Response Time is already fixed. Means time to Display the Results after Possessing has fixed by the Processor or CPU. Real Time System is used at those Places in which we Requires higher and Timely Response. These Types of Systems are used in Reservation. So when we specify the Request, the CPU will perform at that Time. There are two Types of Real Time System
1) Hard Real Time System: In the Hard Real Time System, Time is fixed and we can’t Change any Moments of the Time of Processing. Means CPU will Process the data as we Enters the Data.
2) Soft Real Time System: In the Soft Real Time System, some Moments can be Change. Means after giving the Command to the CPU, CPU Performs the Operation after a Microsecond.
5) Distributed Operating System. - Distributed Means Data is Stored and Processed on Multiple Locations. When a Data is stored on to the Multiple Computers, those are placed in Different Locations. Distributed means In the Network, Network Collections of Computers are connected with Each other.
6) Multiprocessing: Generally a Computer has a Single Processor means a Computer have a just one CPU for Processing the instructions. But if we are Running multiple jobs, then this will decrease the Speed of CPU. For Increasing the Speed of Processing then we uses the Multiprocessing, in the Multi Processing there are two or More CPU in a Single Operating System if one CPU will fail, then other CPU is used for providing backup to the first CPU. With the help of Multi-processing, we can Execute Many Jobs at a Time. All the Operations are divided into the Number of CPU’s. if first CPU Completed his Work before the Second CPU, then the Work of Second CPU will be divided into the First and Second.
7) Parallel operating systems are used to interface multiple networked computers to complete tasks in parallel. The architecture of the software is often a UNIX-based platform, which allows it to coordinate distributed loads between multiple computers in a network. Paralleloperating systems are able to use software to manage all of the different resources of the computers running in parallel, such as memory, caches, storage space, and processing power. Parallel operatingsystems also allow a user to directly interface with all of the computers in the network.
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22 Windows Tips
Everyone likes short, quick Windows tips. The following 22 tips work in all versions of Windows, unless otherwise noted. We hope you find these tips useful!
You might find these 22 tips very useful, useful enough you might like to print them. If so, just click the CleanPrint button on this page.
1. To change computer time: Right mouse click on the clock in your system tray (lower far right) or right-click in system tray and choose “adjust date and time”.
2. To save a picture/image from a web page, right mouse click and choose “Save Picture As” or “Same image as” (depending on your browser). You can rename it – if you wish – when you save it to your hard drive. You can rename it – but you cannot change its extension. If you want to change image formats – you can open the image in your favorite photo editor and re-save it in the format of your choice.
3. To see how much hard drive/hard disk space you have left, do this: Double click My Computer. right mouse click on your C drive (or any hard drive) and chose properties.
4. Most common image formats are JPG, GIF, BMP and PNG. Most common image format exported from a digital camera is a JPG.
5. If you accidentally delete a file, click Control key + Z to bring it back instantly. You can also look in your recycle bin if you don’t realize it until later, then just right-click on the file and choose “restore” and it will go back to where it came from.
6. If you hold the shift key down when deleting a file, it bypasses the recycle bin. Control Z will still bring it back.
7. If you occasionally see a red X instead of an image on a web page, it is not a setting problem with your browser. It usually means the webmaster who made the page put in a bad link.
8. F1 key opens Windows Help quickly!
9. You can quickly maximize a window by double clicking the title bar of the window… this is the areas with the program’s name at the top of your window. Double click again to bring it back to the size it was prior to maximizing.
10. Alphabetize the items in your start menu by clicking Start, Programs, and while hovering over any program, right mouse click and choose Sort by Name. (Windows XP). In all versions of Windows you can click on the column header “Name” and sort alphabetically by name.
11. Quick View of your System: If you hold the Alt key down while double clicking My Computer, it will open the System Properties Window. This is where you can find your computer’s name, system restore, auto updates, hardware, and more. The first screen will show you a lot of information about your system such as what version of Windows you are using, who the computer is registered to, how fast your CPU is and how much RAM you have.
12. To open a “Run” command, just press the Windows Key + R.
13. To open Windows Explorer press the Windows Key + E.
14. To close any window that is in focus (on top of the rest) click ALT + F4
15. Use the ALT key + the Tab key to move between open programs.
16. Press the Windows key plus the “D” key to instantly return to your desktop
17. When browsing the Web using your favorite browser, tapping the F11 key will maximize the browser window and give you the maximum amount of viewing area (no address bars or toolbars in your way). Tapping the F11 key again, returns your browser window to its normal state.
18. Click F4 while your browser is open and the last 25 addresses you have typed out in your address bar will show. Here’ how to do it: Place your cursor in the address bar and tap the F4 key.
19. Press the Windows Key plus the L key to lock your computer. (Works only if your Windows user account is password protected.)
20. While in Windows Explorer, Press ALT + P and a preview should appear on the right.
21. To view properties menu of a file, folder, etc., highlight it and click Alt + Enter. Highlight My Computer and click Alt + Enter to view System Properties.
22. In your favorite browser, you can view recent downloads by pressing CTRL + J . (Works in Chrome, IE, and Firefox.)
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